Furthermore, there are clinically minded studies that use VOT as a diagnostic marker for speech apraxia ( Itoh et al., 1982 24. The effect of subphonetic differences on lexical access,” Cognition 52, 163– 187. ), and conversely, there is influence of VOT on lexical access ( Andruski et al., 1994 3. The effect of sentential context on phonetic categorization is modulated by talker accent and exposure,” J. Additionally, other language properties interact with VOT there is measurable influence of semantics on VOT perception ( Schertz and Hawthorne, 2018 43. Phonetic categorization in auditory word perception,” J. Predictability of stop consonant phonetics across talkers: Between-category and within-category dependencies among cues for place and voice,” in Linguistics Vanguard Vol.Ĥ, s2.), and the influence of the lexicon on perception of VOT ( Ganong, 1980 14. ), phonetic cross-variation ( Chodroff and Wilson, 2018 9. Individual talker differences in voice-onset-time,” J. ), individual differences ( Allen et al., 2003 2. Mimicry of non-distinctive phonetic differences between language varieties,” Stud. ), second language production ( Flege and Hammond, 1982 12. The detection of French accent by American listeners,” J. ), studies of second language perception ( Flege, 1984 11. Voice onset time and beyond: Exploring laryngeal contrast in 19 languages,” J. Variation and universals in VOT: Evidence from 18 languages,” J. Lisker, L., andĪ cross-language study of voicing in stops: Acoustical measurements,” Word 20, 384– 422. The acoustics, production, and perception of VOT has been studied extensively, including descriptions of variation across languages ( Lisker and Abramson, 1964 35. There are also other stop sounds that are not native to North American English such as implosive and ejective stops (or, more generally, non-pulmonic stops), where the acoustics are more complex than what will be presented here. In English, sounds in either the short-lag or prevoicing categories would typically be heard as “voiced.” These same phonetic signatures also apply to affricates, where delayed voicing and aspiration would correspond to phonologically voiceless affricates, while short-lag or prevoicing would correspond to voiced affricates.
Alternatively, periodicity could begin before the burst pre-burst periodicity is described as negative VOT and is usually called “pre-voicing.” Prevoiced stops are not used by all speakers of North American English, but they are common in some dialects and in many other languages of the world. VOT can be very short, where the consonant release burst is roughly simultaneous with the onset of phonetic voicing/periodicity such consonants are described as “voiceless unaspirated” or “short-lag VOT” sounds. In English long-lag or aspirated stops are typically called “voiceless” stops for simplicity. During the interval between the consonant release burst and the onset of the following vowel, there is aperiodic noise stemming from the burst itself, and perhaps aspiration as well, particularly in the case of long-lag VOT (greater than ≈30 ms). Phonological voicing is more complex it is an abstract categorical dimension that usually is accompanied by phonetic voicing, but not necessarily so in all languages and dialects (e.g., there are other articulatory gestures and acoustic properties that can signify phonological voicing). Phonetic voicing refers to vocal fold vibration, which gives rise to periodicity in the waveform. There is value in becoming familiar with the commonly used terms surrounding VOT and its accompanying properties in the domains of acoustics and articulation. The purpose of this article is to first describe VOT in sufficient detail to enable an experimenter to be informed about relevant acoustic properties, and then to introduce a freely available script to automate the creation of speech sounds that vary by VOT. VOT is an easily identifiable aspect of the acoustic signal, defined by the time elapsed between the release of stop consonant constriction (the “burst”) and the onset of periodicity in the following voiced segment (see Fig. It is a well-documented, simple yet effective distinguisher of phonological voicing that emerges in a large number of languages ( Lisker and Abramson, 1964 35. Voice onset time (VOT) is perhaps the most commonly manipulated acoustic-phonetic speech cue in perceptual experiments.
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